How to Read a Book: The Classic Guide to Intelligent Reading

I have always had a nagging feeling that I didn’t know how to read well. This book showed me that I was right. But it also showed me that I wasn’t expected to know how to read well (not with the kind of education most of us receive) and that I wasn’t alone in my ignorance. Reading well involves hard work and precise skills. This book provides the latter — the former is up to us. We take reading for granted because we are supposed to be fully alphabetised at around tenth grade. We are not told that this is just the first level of reading — Elementary Reading (Part 1, Ch. 3) — when you learn to recognise the written symbols and to convey meaning from them. You learn how to grow your vocabulary on your own and to transfer and compare concepts from different reading materials. But most of us stop there. And from there we live the rest of our lives treating books in undeserving ways, wasting too much time on the bad ones and granting so little time to the good ones. The great ones, we hardly read, because they scare us. The problem of wasting time can be drastically diminished by applying the second level of reading — Inspectional Reading (Part 1, Ch. 4). This level means “skimming systematically” to grasp as much as you can from a book in a limited time-frame (possibly just a few minutes). That was an important skill on Adler and Doren’s time when libraries were the norm, but it is even more important now when you have digital previews of a plethora of books in services such as Amazon. If “Customer’s Review” sections existed during their time, I am sure they would also have devoted a portion of Chapter 4 to provide insights on how to better profit from them. The problem of spending little time on the good (or great) books can only be solved by the third level of reading — Analytical reading (Part 2). Without it, you either refrain from reading a good book altogether (specially a great one) or you read it badly. “Reading badly”, the book explains, is to read passively. Reading analytically is very active and it is hard work. To help us in this endeavour, the book provides extensive advice on how to physically mark the books we read (Part 1, Ch. 5). These note-taking techniques are indispensable to read well and the reader is advised to experiment with them and adapt them to his own style of understanding and to the new types of media now available. To read analytically you have to ask yourself a number of questions while reading and you must make your best to answer them yourself. The authors present these questions in sequence, but they are quick to explain that in practice (and with experience) we should try to answer them mostly simultaneously. First, you need to know what the book is about as a whole (Ch. 6 and Ch. 7). This means first categorising the book, then expressing its unity in as few words as possible. You should then proceed to outline its main parts, each of which should be treated as a subordinate whole and have its unity also expressed. This process could continue ad aeternum, but “the degree of approximation varies with the character of the book and your purpose in reading it”. At the end, you should have identified what questions the author wants to answer himself. After this more “descriptive” stage, you should now try to grasp the author’s message (Ch. 8 and Ch. 9). This means first reconciling the grammatical and the logical aspects of what he writes by matching his chosen words with the terms they express. Only then you can identify the important sentences and paragraphs (the grammatical units) in order to establish the author’s leading propositions and arguments (the units of thought and knowledge — the logical units). Once you have reached actual understanding by identifying and interpreting the author’s terms, propositions and arguments, you can now evaluate if the author has answered the questions (the problems) you identified earlier. You and the author are now peers and the best thing you can do now is to praise him by criticising his book (Ch. 10 and Ch. 11). However, in order to do so, there are rules, just like there are rules to reach understanding — there is an intellectual etiquette grounded on rhetorical skills the reader must possess. You should understand first and only then criticise, but not contentiously or disputatiously. You may disagree based on the author’s lack of information, misinformation or reasoning fallacies. You may also judge the author’s completeness as faulty. But the most important maxim is to do so with the sole intention of conveying and discussing knowledge, not opinions. “Knowledge consists in those opinions that can be defended” and “opinion is unsupported judgement.” You must be sure to distinguish between both. So you have described the book, you have understood it and you have criticised it — now what? This is the last (and possibly most important) question you should make. If the book has enlightened you, even if just a little, you must go further — you might even have to act upon it. I like what the authors say about this question applied to historical books: “The answer to the question lies in the direction of practical, political action.” History shows what has been done, so it is a lesson of what we can do or avoid doing. In the same way, whatever the kind of enlightenment you had by reading the book, you have had a glimpse of truth — you can’t ignore it now that you know it. Part 3 is useful in that it provides some interesting aspects of specific types of reading material, namely practical books, history (including biographies and current events), imaginative literature (including plays and poems), science and mathematics, philosophy and the social sciences. While a pleasure to read, it is not imperative that you do so if you have fully grasped the analytical reading process. There is, however, a lot of value in this part of the book, specially in the later chapters, and the reader is strongly advised to read it. One thing I should say is that, while they detail interesting aspects of reading imaginative literature, their techniques mostly apply to expository works. I think their best advice with respect to the former is “don’t try to resist the effect that a work of imaginative literature has on you”. This means allowing the work to show you “a deeper, or greater reality”. And this reality is “the reality of our inner life”. We don’t need any more rules than this one. The last part of the book presents the fourth (and highest) level of reading — Syntopical reading — or reading two or more books on the same subject. By reading syntopically you are not concerned with understanding each book in all its details — in fact, you won’t read any of the individual books analytically (not at the present syntopical reading effort, at least). Here you are reading each book for what it may contribute to your own problem, not for the book’s own sake. Furthermore, you are not reading to find the truth or to establish your own voice — you would be only one more voice in the conversation. You are simply trying to understand the controversy itself, to establish the many voices you hear in a pure exercise of dialectical objectivity. This is a fantastic topic, which the authors have materialised in their greatest contribution to mankind, in my opinion — the Syntopicon, volumes II and III of the Great Books of the Western World . The reader is very much advised to check it out. The book ends with two appendices. The first one provides a fascinating list of great books — the “endlessly readable” books. The list may seem overwhelming at first glance (and it is!), but the authors are prompt to address the reader and explain that the list does not have any time frame attached to it. I say it should just be begun — even an ignorant reader like me will be so flabbergasted by what he will learn that he will never stop reading it. This is a project for your life as a whole — to never stop reading these books. For a much more restrictive (but also magnificent) reading list, the reader is referred to the 10-year-reading plan provided in Adler’s Great Books. The second appendix provides exercises and tests on all four levels of reading. I must admit that I hadn’t read them until I got this far in my review. I then decided to do it and now I tell you this: just read it. If you have had literature classes as an undergraduate or graduate student, you might find it slightly commonplace. But if you haven’t, like me, you will be glad you read it. Like they state at the beginning of the appendix, the selected texts are "themselves worth reading", so you can’t lose much by doing so. It is a delightful taste of what awaits you in your future exploits of the Great Books — if you do well and accept the challenge, of course. On my part, simply put, this book has changed my life. It not only showed me "how" to read a book, but it also showed me "what" to read. I’ll be forever in debt with two of the greatest absent teachers I’ve had, Dr. Mortimer J. Adler and Dr. Charles Van Doren.

I wish I read this book while I was beginning my reading journey, decades later. I’ve read many of Adler’s work and encountered this by chance. He guides the reader gently through what can be described as a comprehensive “how to” guide for reading a variety of genres. My unsolicited recommendation is not just for the buyer to read this as yet another book, but to take steps immediately to implement the advise given- it took me around 4 months before I started treating my reading material, especially ones with more difficult subject matters, as having an active and engaging conversation with the author. You can expect to trade off reading speed for enhanced comprehension and recall, and enjoy a richer experience. Now, I haven’t tried his approach with any works of fiction, but I’m certain the benefits will be similar. If you enjoy reading, think of this as the latest software upgrade for your brain to make your experience even more memorable.

From my website:[...] You might ask yourself, how could anyone possibly fill 419 pages with instructions on how to read? The answer is quite easily, actually. First published in 1940, Mortimer J. Adler's How to Read a Book became a best-seller, translated into at least 5 languages. It was substantially revised and expanded, with the help of Charles Van Doren, for its final publication in 1972. Adler was the chairman of the board at the pre-Wikipedia Encyclopedia Britannica and Van Doren is best known for his stint on the 1950s quiz show Twenty One, for which he would later admit to being given the answers in advance. The original book anticipated the post-War expansion of the public school system and growth in reading. It is designed as a supplement for those having a formal education and as a replacement for those going it on their own. It is chock full of good tips for readers and writers and teachers of reading and writing. One of its most basic lessons is the speed of reading. You'd expect that the authors would have an apoplectic reaction to the notion that any book could be read quickly. But that is hardly the case. Rather, Mortimer and Adler embrace fast reading. As they write, "Every book should be read no more slowly than it deserves, and no more quickly than you can read it with satisfaction and with comprehension" (43; emphasis removed). The trick, then, is not learning to read quickly; it's knowing the speed at which a book demands. Most young people suffer from an inability to know what any particular book requires. Mortimer and Adler are not out to make every book a revelation and make every author a prophet. Books are intellectual offerings, to be examined, considered, and compared. There are bad books; in fact, most books are bad--or at least not very good. Most books should be skimmed, if they can't be avoided. There are other pieces of writing, however, like the Declaration of Independence, that require a great deal of attention and reflection. "Properly read, for full comprehension, those first two paragraphs of the Declaration might require days, or weeks, or years," they instruct (42). It is Jefferson's list of infractions, which comprise the bulk of the document, that can be gone over quickly. How to Read a Book is also remarkable for its unapologetic modernism. Books are things to be understood. The idea that books can mean different things to different people doesn't come till the seventh chapter, and even then it's only in passing. "A book is something different to each reader," they admit. However, that difference is not the goal; it is certainly not to be embraced. "This does not mean, however, that anything goes" (83). The point is to employ a rigorous and purposeful method to minimize the difference between readers and authors. The goal is not interpreting, but good ol' fashioned understanding. Much to the confused chagrin of English faculty everywhere, the authors also caution against the "intentional fallacy"--that is, the idea that a reader can get into the head of an author based on what appears on the page (93). No doubt, Derrida is rolling over in his "grave." Yet even as Mortimer and Adler seem inclined to reject postmodern deconstructionism as lazy and gross, they also want to rescue the relevance of theory. In their discussion of the difference between practical and theoretical texts, the authors identify John Locke's Second Treatise on Government, a canonical piece of political philosophy and theory, as a practical text. Why? Because it tells you how you should form a government, silly. They offer up Kant's Critique of Practical Reason as an example of a purely theoretical text because it is concerned with what is (ontology) and what we can know (epistemology). Mortimer and Adler deem comparative analyses--they call it "synoptical"--as the most difficult, which is consistent with what we have come to know in the decades since the book appeared about how people learn. In addition to the reading comprehension quiz in the appendix, there is also a list of quality authors and texts, which will no doubt be met either with great excitement or great indignation. The issue, as you might expect, is not with what it includes, but what it excludes. (That said, the Greeks and Romans are a bit over-represented, and I would have preferred to have seen Nietzsche's remarkable The Gay Science in place of The Will to Power, his unpublished notes.) As a fairly standard representation of the Western canon, it is very white and very male. It's hard to imagine a list of essential fiction that does not include Willa Cather and Edith Wharton. And where is Steinbeck? It should also include Richard Wright's Native Son, perhaps the best book on race that's even been written. The book, published in 1940, was too early to make the first list, but it could have been added to Mortimer and Adler's revised edition. The same goes for To Kill a Mockingbird, The Catcher in the Rye, All the King's Men, Catch-22, and Slaughterhouse Five, books which might have been too new to be appreciated fully. Sadly, with the possible exception of Leo Strauss's Natural Right and History, John Rawls's A Theory of Justice, and, to a lesser degree, Richard Rorty's Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature, there seems to be a serious dearth of non-fiction books to add to any post-1972 list of must-read texts. How to Read a Book is a book for everyone and no one. It is a practical book that deserves a slow read. It goes without saying that it should be required of all college students. But it first should be read by the professors who teach them.

Kitap okuma verimliliğini artırmak isteyenler için kavramsal açıdan gerçekten değerli bir kitap. Kitap okuma eylemine daha fazla anlam katmak isteyen herkese tavsiye ederim.

There are many things you will learn from this book that you didn’t know you could learn — and these things have to do with how to read a book. I’m not go to summarize it. I’m going to give you 3 things I learned. 1. Every genre you read — legal document, fiction, non-fiction — uses its own terminology and definitions. Here are some examples I can think of: a scab to a doctor is different than a scab to a union rep; pork to a religious person means something different than pork to a pig farmer; you get the idea. When you read a book, look for the key words and how they are defined. 2. When you find the key words, memorize and understand their meanings; they will be used throughout the piece — they are the glue that holds the work together. I’m currently reading through Criminal Law by Kent Roach, and knowing the primary importance of mens rea (intent to commit a crime) and actus reas (the violation of an offence) is instrumental in reading through how defences are built against charges for an offence. 3. One would be wise not to read a book like running into a house to save someone from burning. There is no rush to read a book. Review the cover, table of contents, flip through each chapter to get a sense of the whole. Get a journal or open a word file and take notes as you read. Make your own outline of the book you’re reading. Write out key definitions — anything to help you better understand what you are reading. I suppose one could say How to Read Book teaches one how to deeply understand what one is reading. 5 out of 5 stars.

Dieses spezielle Buch richtet sich vorrangig an solche Leser, die aus Büchern lernen wollen. Es bietet eine klar strukturierte Herangehensweise an das Lernen aus Büchern, dir mir seitdem sehr hilft möglichst viel aus Sachbüchern o.ä. mitzunehmen. Dabei wird zunächst eine grundsätzliche Unterscheidung der Arten des Lesens (zur Unterhalten, zum Lernen, ...) vorgenommen und sich später auf eine fokussierte Auseinandersetzung mit dem analytischen Lesen konzentriert. Für mein Studium weiterer Bücher hat mir die hier dargestellte Vorgehensweise enorm geholfen und ich nehme mittlerweile viel mehr Wissen mit als vorher. Persönliche Vorlieben beim Lesen bzw. durcharbeiten von Büchern sind dabei natürlich und die Autoren geben hier ein anpassbares Grundkonzept, dass ich für sehr gelungen halte. Ich vermute, dass jeder der gerne und viel liest sich aus diesem Buch hilfreiche Aspekte aneignen kann und das persönliche Lesen nachhaltig verbessern kann. Einige Passagen des Buches sind sehr ausführlich und könnten im Kern sicherlich gekürzt werden. Teil der Lehre des Autors ist allerdings auch eine persönliche, nach den eigenen Interessen gerichtete Auseinandersetzung mit Büchern, die dazu einlädt bestimmte Kapitel oder Bücher nur sehr schnell oder oberflächlich zu lesen, wenn dies für die eigenen Belange ausreicht. So habe ich beispielsweise den dritten Teil des Buches, in der spezielle Tipps für verschiedene Lesequellen (Sachbuch, Drama, Roman, Philosophie, ...) gegeben werden, ausgespart und für später vorgemerkt, da dies für mich aktuell zweitrangig war. Ich freue mich, wenn meine Rezension hilfreich für Sie war. Fragen beantworte ich soweit möglich gerne.

Good quality. Really a classic guide.

This book it's like you are going to a specific place in ny (because let's suppose you have a Meeting or an interview), you have a car but you Don't have a GPS. You might miss the Meeting or the Interview because you keep looking for the place. This book is a GPS